SKU: 37429365600

God Reforms Hearts: Rethinking Free Will and the Problem of Evil

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God Reforms Hearts: Rethinking Free Will and the Problem of EvilEvil is a problem for all Christians. When responding to objections that both evil and God can exist, many resort to a free will defense, where God is not the creator of evil but of human freedom, by which evil is possible. This response is so pervasive that it is just as often assumed as it is defended. But is this answer biblically and philosophically defensible? In God Reforms Hearts, Thaddeus J. Williams offers a friendly challenge to the central

Evil is a problem for all Christians. When responding to objections that both evil and God can exist, many resort to a “free will defense,” where God is not the creator of evil but of human freedom, by which evil is possible. This response is so pervasive that it is just as often assumed as it is defended. But is this answer biblically and philosophically defensible? In God Reforms Hearts, Thaddeus J. Williams offers a friendly challenge to the central claim of the free will defense—that love is possible only with true (or libertarian) free will. Williams argues that much thinking on free will fails to carve out the necessary distinction between an autonomous will and an unforced will. Scripture presents a God who desires relationship and places moral requirements on his often-rebellious creatures, but does absolute free will follow? Moreover, God’s reforming work on the human heart goes further than libertarian free will would allow. With clarity, precision, and charity, Williams judges the merits and shortcomings of the relational free will defense while offering a philosophically and biblically robust alternative that draws from theologians of the past to point a way forward.

Publisher: Lexham Press
Type: Paperback
ISBN: 9781683594970

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Thaddeus J. Williams (PhD, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam) is associate professor of theology at Biola University in La Mirada, California, and author of REFLECT and Confronting Injustice without Compromising Truth. He has taught literature at Saddleback College, jurisprudence at Trinity Law School, philosophy at L'Abri Fellowships in Switzerland and Holland, and ethics for Blackstone Legal Fellowship and the Federalist Society in Washington, DC. Thaddeus is a frequent speaker at churches and conferences and resides in Orange County, California, with his wife and four children.

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‘The manuscript provides a well-written, critical analysis of the Relational Free Will Defense and is a significant and original contribution to current scholarship in philosophical theology. Even those scholars who (like myself) do not agree with the author's preferred solutions cannot merely dismiss his arguments, but will be necessitated to provide adequate counterarguments in order to uphold their alternative views. In this way the manuscript is a worthy contribution to the current debate. Even his opponents can learn much from his argument.’ Vincent Brümmer, Utrecht University

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SKU: 37429365600

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Likeacowsopinion_itsmoo
Phoenix, US
★★★★★ 4
Dog didn’t like sound it makes
Color: Duck(Yellow)
I ordered the duck. It’s yellow and a good size for small to medium dogs. It is well made but as the information states this is for gentle chewers. I have a yorkie poo who thinks he is a big dog and likes toys bigger than himself and this fit the bill until…he heard the sound it makes. He didn’t like it and now refuses to play with it. 🤷🏻‍♀️ So the 4 stars because he did like it and did play with it. Minus one because of the sound he doesn’t care for. I will need to cut it open if I want him to play with it again. As of right now he doesn’t want to get near it.
WAS THIS REVIEW HELPFUL?YesReportShare
Reviewed in the United States on February 6, 2026
D
D.
Whiting, US
★★★★★ 5
Not actually for aggressive chewers
Color: Alligator(Green)
*sigh* Yet ANOTHER toy that's marketed for aggressive chewers that doesn't live up to its claims. My 50-lb goldendoodle put a hole in the plush part of this alligator toy in under 3 minutes, and that was just from normal chewing and not the tooth gnashing with her molars that she usually does. So why 5 stars still? Because after that initial hole was created, we've asked her to be gentle with it, and she's done a fairly good job, leading to a toy that is still intact that she absolutely LOVES. No kidding, this is her new favorite "baby," although I do suspect that the next new toy she gets will then become her new favorite. Kids, amirite? Anyway, I suspect that she loves this toy so much (aside from the fact that it's the newest one) because it's kind of like 2 toys in 1. She has a large rope toy that she adores and only gets to play with when closely supervised because otherwise she uses her teeth to effectively cut through all of the individual rope strings in no time flat. This kind of mimics that texture, but she gets to play with this one to her heart's content and so far hasn't done any appreciable damage to it. She also loves the texture of plush toys, and this one is large enough that she can really grab it in her mouth, but not so big that it takes any effort to carry around. The squeaker has somehow managed to remain alive, and I attribute that to her being asked to be more gentle with this toy, since usually, the reason why she's making holes in plushies is to dig that most cherished little plastic squeaker out of her toys' guts. This is actually a pretty expensive dog toy, though the current coupon price brings it to just under $15, which seems more reasonable, but still kind of pricey for something that your dog may chew completely through in 10 minutes. If you don't have an aggressive chewer, this is a pretty great toy. If you do, be prepared to pay for a toy that will become a pile of innards in pretty short order.
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Reviewed in the United States on January 31, 2026
A
Amazon Customer
Omaha, US
★★★★★ 5
Well-Made Toy That My Dog Loves, Great Quality and Fun
Color: Alligator(Green), Color: Alligator(Green)
This dog toy has been a great addition to our pup’s collection. It’s well made and feels like solid quality that will stand up to regular play, which is exactly what you want rather than something that falls apart after a few uses. My Havanese absolutely loves it. The size is just right for small to medium-sized dogs, and we’ve had a lot of fun with tug-of-war and gentle fetch sessions. The texture and feel give her something satisfying to bite and carry around. Pros: Well made and durable, feels like it will last through many play sessions. Great size for small to medium dogs like my Havanese. Encourages play and interaction, perfect for tug-of-war and light fetch. Nice value for the quality and price. Easy to grip for both dog and human hands. Cons: Not ideal for extreme chewers; if your dog loves to destroy toys quickly, you might need a super-heavy-duty option. A bit simple in design, no squeaker, but that’s just personal preference. Overall, this is a solid, fun toy that delivers on quality and performance, and my dog genuinely enjoys it. Highly recommend. Still gets 5 stars!
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Reviewed in the United States on January 24, 2026
E
Verified Purchase
ERock
Bozeman, US
★★★★★ 1
Didn't last 5 minutes
Color: Duck(Yellow)
Didn't last 5 minutes with my 9 month old pomeranian. Do not recommend if you have an aggressive chewer.
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Reviewed in the United States on February 24, 2026
M
Verified Purchase
Melissa Franks
Waukegan, US
★★★★★ 5
Great hanging toy
Pattern Name: Dog
My dog loves this. We hung it from a tree limb and he plays constantly with it. Lightweight but durable.
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Reviewed in the United States on May 14, 2026

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